TheCSS Solved General Science Ability GSA Past Paper 2016is Solved by Pakistan s top GSA Coaches,Miss Iqra AliandSir Ammar Hashmi.They are the only coaches available in Pakistan who have solved the last 20 years GSA solved papers to help aspirants know how to attempt the paper to score above 80. And they have guided thousands of CSS and PMS aspirants. Both coaches have been known for their teaching methodology and imparting concepts to their students, who scored the highest marks in this subject. At the special request of CSSPrepForum, both coaches have solved the paper.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the objectives behind the clean development mechanism and the reasons for developing countries criticism of the Kyoto protocol. So, all you have to do is start with a simple definition of the subject matter Clean development mechanism , then give a fast working, and objective of CDM. Then, link the next part of the question by defining Kyoto Protocol and giving reasons for criticism. Remember, stick to what the examiner has actually asked, and do not stretch your question with unnecessary information if not required. No diagram is needed in this question
What is a clean development mechanism ?CDM is one of the three mechanisms stated in the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanism allows developed countries to play their part in reducing GHG emissions.
How does it work?CDM is a flexible way for developed countries to counter their own high domestic GHG emissions. The developed county invests in the GHG reduction project in the developing country. Each CDM project generates CER Certified Emission Reductions equivalent to one ton of CO2. In this way, developed countries trade CO2 and complete their Kyoto Protocol targets.
Objectives of CDMTo accomplish the overarching goal of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous interference with the climate systemTo encourage sustainable development in developing nationsTo reduce the cost of complying with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol for developed nations
What is the Koyoto Protocol?Koyoto Protocol is an international treaty made in 1992 to implement the objectives of the UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Kyoto Protocol binds the countries to reduce GHG Greenhouse Gases emissions.
Reasons for criticism of the Koyoto Protocol by developed countriesKoyoto Protocol has been criticized by the United States for exempting developing countries like China and India due to their huge emissions of GHG.The level of GHG emissions at the time of the treaty and now has tremendously changed, but the targets have not changed.The GHG emission itself is dangerous, which should be reduced by the developed countries instead of trading it off with developing countries.GHG emission knows no boundaries. It is not confined to one country but spreads in the whole environment.There is a limited capacity of developing countries to offset the GHG emission of developing countries.Kyoto Protocol has not paid much attention to other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the difference between sanitary and industrial landfills. For answering such questions, simply, make a table and start writing differences according to several characteristics like definitions, examples, signs, etc. Remember, in a single point, only write the differences that are relevant to one characteristic for instance, do not write the definition of sanitary landfills and examples of industrial landfills in one point.
Difference between sanitary and industrial landfills
| Sanitary Landfills | Industrial Landfills |
| Sanitary landfills are used for the disposal of waste from homes and roads. | Industrial landfills are used for the disposal of industrial waste and effluent particularly |
| From sanitary landfills, methane is extracted | Industrial landfills also work as material reusable facilities in which, reusable items are extracted and sold. |
| In sanitary landfills, layers of clay are used to separate the layers of waste | In Industrial landfills, no such layers are used. |
| In sanitary landfills, pipelines are constructed to extract landfill gases. | No pipeline connections are used in industrial landfills |
Land Selection Criteria for Landfills1. The area and volume of the land should be sufficient enough to contain waste for several years.2. The Landfill site should not be in close vicinity of the population.3. They should not be close to water bodies like dams, because of the potential risk of contamination that is hazardous to aquatic life.4. No major power transmission or other infrastructure like sewers, and water supply lines should be crossing through the landfill developmental areas.5. Unstable areas that have a significant seismic risk which could cause the destruction of berms are not recommended for the landfill site.6. A significantly fractured geological structure having fault lines should not be selected. The fault lines can allow unpredictable movement of gas within 500 perimeters of the proposed landfill.7. The selection of landfill sites should be based upon the proper assessment of environmental issues.8. The landfill site should be near the waste recycling site facility, if not, the waste recycling facility should be planned as an integral part of the landfill site.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to briefly describe artificial intelligence in your own words. So, you can write the answer the way you want. Remember do not give much weightage to the types of the given topic. Just elude them in two to three lines if necessary. Writing examples along with the explanation of the term is what will award you maximum marks in the competitive exam. However, avoid writing irrelevant things which are not connected to the question directly.
DefinitionIt is the study of intelligent machines capable of performing the same kinds of functions that characterize human thoughts.
DiscoveryArtificial Intelligence term was presented by John McCarthy in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT .
ExampleWABOT-2, a robot developed by the Wasefa University in Japan in the 1980s, utilized AI programs to play keyboard instruments, read sheet music, and converse rudimentarily with people.
Two subsets under the term AI1- Machine Learning2- Deep Learning
Uses of AIFinancial institutions, scientists, psychologists, medical practitioners, design engineers, planning authorities, and security services use AI in their processes.Advantages of AISmart speakers and Digital assistants Siri, Alexa, Cortana, and Google AssistantFacial recognition unlocking your phone, paying with your face, and detecting intruders in your homeDeep learning revolutionized services, such as Google Translate.Doctors assess and diagnose patients and their health risks with the help of artificial machine intelligence.Disadvantages of AIJob losses Machines in the replacement of humans can lead to large-scale unemploymentHuman Error Although AI can virtually remove human error from processes, it can still exist in the code, along with bias and prejudice.No original creativityHigh cost
In the first part of the question, the examiner has asked to write down the note on the Fibre optics in your own words. Likewise, in the second part, you are supposed to describe Global Positioning System. So, you can write the answer the way you want. Remember do not give much weightage to the types of the given topic. Just elude them in two to three lines if necessary. Writing examples along with the explanation of the term is what will award you maximum marks in the competitive exam. However, avoid writing irrelevant things which are not connected to the question directly.
a. Fibre OpticsOptical fibre is the technology that is associated with the transmission of information as light pulses over a long distance along a glass tube or plastic wire or fibre.
The basic structure of Optical fibreOptical fibre consists of four layers1- Core made up of glass2- Cladding is a reflective layer made up of glass or plastic3- Coating cover as a protective layer4- Jacket to bundle all fibres in one cable
Types of Optical FiberThere are many types of optical fibres. However, the most significant types are
1- Single-mode Optical FiberA fibre that is designed to carry a single signal at a time
2- Multi-mode Optical FiberA fibre that is designed to carry more than one signal at a time
Working of Optical FiberIn a fibre-optic system, the transmitter turns information into light and sends it through optical fibres. As light moves at a high speed through the core, light bounces off the cladding either by the phenomenon of total internal reflection or continuous refraction. If the fibre has a curve or bends in it, the light can bounce off the cladding and follow the cladding by turning the corner. At the end of the fibres, the receiver accepts the light and turns the light back into sound, pictures, or computer codes.
Uses of Optical Fibers:They are used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries.Fiber is used for transmitting and receiving purposes in telecommunication.Optical fibres are used as hydrophones for SONAR and seismic waves, as wiring in submarines, aircraft, and other vehicles and for field networking too.They are used for imaging in hard-to-reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings.
b.Global Positioning SystemThe Global positioning system GPS is the state-based radio navigation system that uses satellites a receivers to synchronize location, velocity, and time data for air, land, and sea travel.
The invention of GPSUSA initiated the GPS project in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems. It became fully operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan are credited for their inventions.
Components of GPSGPS is made up of three different components that are called segments, which work together and provide location information.The three segments of GPS are given below
1- Space SatellitesSatellites circulating the earth transmit signals to users on geographical position and time of day.
2- Ground controlIt is made up of earth-based monitor stations, master control stations, and ground antennae. It controls activities including tracking and operating the satellites in space and monitoring transmission
3- User equipmentGPS receivers and transmitters including items like watches smartphones, and telematics devices. GPS is a dependable and powerful tool for businesses and organizations in many different industries.
The question mainly consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to explain vaccines in your own words, and in the next part, he has particularly demanded the Classification and explanation of DNA. Thus, start with defining the vaccines with appropriate examples. Then move to the classification of vaccines, eluding the name-key of each type. Later on, define briefly DNA vaccines with examples. Remember since the examiner has already given you a lot to crack, try to be relevant in your answer as much as you can.
VaccinesVaccines are the suspension of microorganisms that induce antibody production inside the body for protection against disease by producing immunity.
For ExampleMeasles and mumps vaccinesPolio vaccinesCovid-19 vaccines etc
Classification of Vaccines
DNA VaccinesDNA vaccines are the types of nucleic acid vaccines. In DNA vaccines, a small circular piece of genetically engineered DNA-plasmid- is directly injected into cells to produce antigen and then immunity for protection against the disease.
For exampleZyCov-D Vaccine for SARS coronavirus SARS-CoVH5N1 avian influenzaH1N1 pandemic influenza
Formation and Working of DNA Vaccine1- The first step is the selection of desired antigen sequence.2- The second step is the isolation of genomic DNA from the selected antigen.3- The third step is the cloning of vaccine antigens in the plasmid.4- The fourth step is the transformation and culture of the plasmid into bacteria, where bacterial growth produces multiple plasmid copies.5- In the fifth step, the plasmid DNA is purified by separating the circular plasmid from the much larger bacterial DNA and other bacterial impurities.6- The purified plasmid DNA is used as the vaccine.
Advantages of DNA vaccines1- In DNA vaccines, actual infectious organisms are not used.2- Normal vaccines provide primarily Humoral Immunity- involve substances found in the humour or body fluids. On the other hand DNA vaccines provide both Humoral as well as Cell-mediated immunity.
Limitation of DNA Vaccines1- It has a risk of uncontrollable cell growth affecting genes.2- It has the possibility of tolerance to the antigen.3- It is limited to the protein immunogen.4- It has only potential for atypical processing of bacterial and parasitic protein.
In the question, the examiner has asked you to explain the causative agents of Dengue and ways to prevent it. Thus, mainly the question has two parts. For the first part, start your answer with the proper definition of Dengue Fever in your own words. Then, write down the causative agent along with the vector of the disease. Remember, Causative agent are organisms which are collectively referred to as biological pathogen that causes a disease, while Vectors are those organisms that carry the pathogen from one human to another. Last, write down the reasonable preventive measures for Dengue fever-minimum five- in bullets.
Dengue FeverDengue fever is a kind of viral infection transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes called dengue virus DENV .
Causative AgentsThe virus causing dengue fever belongs to the Flaviviridae family.There are four distinct dengue viruses DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 without cross-immunity. Dengue infections infect humans up to four times in their lifetime. It is widely accepted that all four viruses are of Asian origin.
Vector for dengueVectors are the primary agents that are responsible for the spreading of disease. The primary vector that is responsible for the dengue virus is known as Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus.
Preventive measures for dengueDengue can be prevented by the following measures1- Wear loose, light-coloured, long-sleeved shirts, and use insect repellent-DEET containing on exposed body parts.2- Take extra preventive measures when engaging in outdoor activities, avoid using fragrant cosmetics or skin care products, and re-apply insect repellents according to instructions.3- Prevent accumulation of stagnant water. For this purpose, change the water in indoor plants once a week, lid water containers tightly, keep air-conditioner drip trays free of stagnant water, and put all used cans and bottles into covered dustbins4- Control vectors and reservoirs of the diseases by disposing off garbage adequately.5- Pregnant women and children of 6 months not infants or older can use DEET-containing insect repellent. Further, children aged 2 months or above can use DEET-containing insect repellents with a concentration of DEET up to 30 .
In the question, the examiner simply asked you to explain the function of the liver. Thus, start your answer by giving the general information occurrence, weight, size, etc., of the liver in your own words and then move to the function of the liver in all the processes individually. You can also draw a table to clarify the roles played. Remember, writing too much and never help you obtain maximum marks in GSA Paper instead, make sure what you write must be relevant and complete.
LiverThe liver-the chief chemist of our body- plays a significant role in detoxification in the human body.
LocationThe liver is an organ located in the right upper quadrant RUQ of the abdomen under the diaphragm.
WeightThe liver weighs approximately 1.4 kg and is known as the heaviest organ of the body.
Why is it called the chief chemist of the human body?The liver is a chemical factory, performing around 500 chemical functions in your body. The liver takes certain materials in your body and turns them into something else. For example, your liver turns proteins and sugars into glucose your body needs.
Role of Liver ✔ ManufacturingAfter making thousand plus essential proteins, enzymes, and hormones, it transports them throughout the body. It helps in coagulation for the prevention of bleeding to death. Only with the help of bile produced by the liver does the emulsification of the fats, not the absorption of A, D, E, and K vitamins from the gut into the bloodstream, and the removal of toxins, can be processed.
✔ StorageIt has the function of storage of Iron to make RBCs and glycogen to regulate glucose levels, vitamins, and minerals.
✔ DetoxifierIt acts as a detoxifier because of receiving toxins and then converts them into water-soluble substances for elimination through sweat, bile, and urine. It cleans up almost 100 gallons of blood per day.
✔ FiltrationIt filters and detoxes unhealthy cells, bacteria and other microorganisms and eliminates them.
✔ RegulationIt regulates iron absorption, blood sugar and fat metabolism, hormonal balance, and blood pressure.
To conclude, the liver performs all functions digestion, detoxification, synthesis, storage, elimination, and regulation.
The question consists of many parts. First, you are supposed to explain cholesterol in your own words giving definitions, sources, importance, etc Next, draw a table demonstrating all its average values in the blood. Last, explain the consequences of raised blood cholesterol- i.e., two to three cardiovascular diseases. Although you do not need to draw any diagram for this question, making a relevant diagram can help you get maximum marks.
Define Cholesterol:Cholesterol-a fat-like substance- is found in the human body and food. It is necessary for human life. It has many functions, like it gives strength to cells, producing bile, and making hormones and Vitamin D. The liver is the central organ of the human body where it is produced. Cholesterol is insoluble in blood it is carried around in tiny packages called lipoproteins.
Importance of Cholesterol ✔ Hormones productionCholesterol is needed to manufacture steroid-based hormones, particularly sex hormones like testosterone and progesterone.
✔ Formation of bile juiceCholesterol helps the body form bile acids, which are needed to break down fats in the digestive tract for their proper absorption into the body.
✔ Source of energyTriglycerides are a significant energy source for the body, mainly when glucose is deficient.
✔ Essential Component of Cell membraneCholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes- the structures that border every cell in the human body. T-cells white blood cells , for example, without cholesterol, would not maintain their cell membranes, leading to rupturing of the cells.
✔ The production of Vitamin DCholesterol is essential for the body in vitamin D production
Average Blood Level of CholesterolCholesterol levels are measured in milligrams mg of cholesterol per deciliter DL of blood.
| HDL | 40mg dl |
| LDL | less than 100 mg dl |
| VLDL | 2-30 mg dl |
| CHOLESTEROL | 200mg dl |
| T.G | 150mg dl |
Dangers to the health of High CholesterolHarmful effects of elevated level of cholesterol
✔ Coronary artery diseaseToo much cholesterol in the blood has the capability to combine with other substances and form plaque. Plaque, consequently, sticks to the arterial walls-atherosclerosis. It can cause coronary artery disease, where coronary arteries become narrow or even blocked.
✔ Heart attackIf the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked by cholesterol plaque, it can cause a heart attack or angina chest pain
✔ Plaque in other areas of the bodyPlaque can also build up in other arteries in the body, including those that bring oxygen-rich blood to limbs and the brain. This can lead to stroke, carotid artery disease, and peripheral arterial disease.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to define the remote sensing techniques and explain the resolution with names and types. So, first, define remote sensing and write bullet points explaining its advantages. Then, elucidate the kinds of solutions. Remember, creativity is key to attaining a good score in the General Science and Ability paper.
Remote Sensing TechniqueRemote sensing is the study of objects- mainly the things on the Earth s surface, such as water bodies and vegetation for civil engineers without being in contact with those objects using images captured with the help of electromagnetic radiation. In remote sensing, objects are studied from a distant location. It relies on various devices and instruments, such as satellites, aerial cameras etc., for capturing imagery.
Advantages of Remote Sensing TechniqueIt is used to gather details about the Earth and other solar planets.Tracking and analysis of clouds can be done through remote sensing.It allows meteorologists to predict and observe weather patterns, volcanic eruptions, and sea movements.
ResolutionResolution explains how data can be used from a sensor. It can vary depending on the sensor design and the satellite s orbit.There are mainly four types of resolution.
1- Radiometric resolution The amount of information in each pixel, that is, the number of bits representing the energy recorded. Hence, the higher the radiometric resolution, the more values to store information, providing better discrimination between even the slightest differences.For example, radiometric resolution is necessary to distinguish between subtle differences in ocean colour while assessing water quality.
2- Spatial resolutionSpatial resolution is the size of each pixel within a digital image and the area on Earth s surface represented by that pixel. The finer the resolution, with the number being the lower, the more detail you can see.
3- Spectral resolutionThe spectral resolution is the sensor s ability to discern finer wavelengths having more narrower bands. Many sensors are considered to be multispectral.e., they have 3-10 bands. The narrower the range of wavelengths, the finer the spectral resolution.
4- Temporal resolutionTemporal resolution is the time a satellite takes to complete an orbit and revisit the observation area. The resolution depends on the orbit, the sensor s characteristics, and the swath width.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the hydrological cycle. Therefore, you need to answer your question with the definition of the hydrological cycle, the steps involved in the hydrological cycle, and its importance. To score maximum marks, add a labelled diagram of the hydrological cycle. Remember, being creative is the key to attaining a good score in the General Science and Ability paper.
Hydrological CycleThe hydrological cycle involves the continuous water circulation in the Earth s Atmosphere system. The water cycle is the water s motion from the ground to the atmosphere and back again. Hence, the reason behind the rain, cloud, etc. can be understood by studying the water cycle or hydrological cycle.
Steps involved in the hydrological cycleFollowing are the steps of the water cycle
1- EvaporationIn the first step of the water cycle, water from the liquid state is converted into the gaseous state in the presence of sunlight and high temperature. However, the rate of evaporation will be high at high temperatures and will be low at low temperatures.
2- TranspirationTranspiration is a process involving the loss of water vapour through the stomata of plants- an opening on the leaf through which the excess water is excreted by the plants. The number of stomata openings varies in number from side to side of a leaf. Water is excreted from the stoma and found on the surface of the leaf.
The combination of evaporation and transpiration is calledevapotranspiration.
3- CondensationWhen vapours go up, in the air, at some stage, they condense and convert back into liquids due to low temperature. It is called condensation. It is the process that becomes the cause of cloud formation.
4- PrecipitationAt this stage, liquid droplets combine together, increasing their mass. Thus, as the mass of the droplets increases, they fall upon the Earth in different forms, i.e., rainfall, hail storm, snow, sleet, etc. all of them are different types of precipitation.
5- Runoff Surface runoffWhenever water hits the Earth, it runs over the surface of the Earth to reach streams or lakes, known as runoff.
6- InfiltrationWhen rainwater seeps through the Earth and moves down to recharge Aquifers, the process is known as infiltration.
Importance of hydrological cycleThe significance of the hydrological cycle is as follows.It is involved in maintaining aquatic ecosystems.The hydrological cycle is essential for the maintenance of life.It plays an important role in ensuring the availability of water for all living organisms.It also plays a significant role in the continuous movement of water above and below the surface of the Earth.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to define a tsunami and shed some light on the way tsunamis are generated. so, you have to delineate the whole process of tsunami formation. Further, you are required to enlist some characteristics of tsunamis. You can make your answer stand out by adding a piece of interesting information like a fact about the deadliest tsunamis in history. Remember, creativity is the key to scoring good marks in the GSA paper.
TsunamiTsunamis are large ocean waves that can grow in size and reach the shore. This causes major damage as they are very powerful and large waves, as they rush inland and can destroy cities and homes.
Most Destructive TsunamisSumatra Indonesia 26 December 2004North pacific coast, Japan 11 March 2011
Generation of TsunamiTsunami occurs in water, with most of their occurrence in the Pacific Ocean, where there are lots of underwater earthquakes and volcanoes due to the high pressure. However, tsunamis can happen anywhere. For the high pressure, the water displaces and moves forward on the shore, which creates large waves of water. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes. They are dangerous because they can still be travelling at highway speeds of over 50 miles per hour.
Characteristics of TsunamiTsunamis are characterized as shallow-water waves. A tsunami can range from ten minutes to two hours and a wavelength in excess of 300 miles 500km .Earth s most infrequent hazard.Most tsunamis are small and nondestructive because of the lower pressure of water from the backside.Wavelength is directly proportional to the depth.There is no season for tsunamis, and all tsunamis do not act the same. It cannot be predicted where, when and how destructive it will be.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to answer multiple questions. So, what you have to do is give the required weightage to each of them. First, you have to define an earthquake, along with giving some information about the disaster. Adding a diagram to clearly explain the concept would make your answer stand out. Second, you have to give an understanding of the Richter scale. Last, you are required to mention the exact intensity and locus of the October 2015 earthquake. Remember, making diagrams and charts and being creative can help you score high in the GSA paper.
EarthquakeAn earthquake is a sudden energy release in the form of seismic waves that creates a strong vibration and makes the earth s surface completely rugged. The wave causes the earth s crust to into large pieces, and the surface of the earth suddenly slips.The surface where the earth slips are calledFault Focus.The surface where the earthquake starts is known as theHypocenter.The surface directly above the hypocenter is called anEpicenter.
Ritcher ScaleRitcher scale is a scale that was originally used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes ranging from 0 to 10 on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillations. The number-from one to ten-is ascertained and calculated with the help of information that is gathered by a seismograph. It is basically used to indicate the intensity of an earthquake and how intense the earthquake was.
| Magnitude on Richter Scale | Description | Effects of the Earthquakes | Occurrence Frequency |
| Less than 2.0 | Micro | The earthquake is not felt | Approximately 8000 per day |
| 2.0 to 2.9 | Minor | Normally not felt, but recorded | Approximately 1000 per day |
| 3.0 to 3.9 | Minor | Normally felt, but the likelihood of damage is rare | Approximately 49,000 per year |
| 4.0 to 4.9 | Light | Often felt indoors, with shaking of indoor items and rattling noises. | Approximately 6200 per year |
| 5.0 to 5.9 | Moderate | Major damage can be caused to poorly constructed buildings. | Approximately 800 per year |
| 6.0 to 6.9 | Strong | It can be very destructive in areas as far as 160 kilometres from the epicentre. | Approximately 120 per year |
| 7.0 to 7.9 | Major | It is known to cause severe damage over larger areas. | Approximately 18 per year |
| 8.0 to 8.9 | Great | It can cause severe damage several hundred miles across. | Approximately 1 per year |
| 9.0 to 9.9 | Great | Devastating in areas for several thousands of miles | Approximately 1 per 20 years |
| 10.0 | Epic | Has never been recorded | Extremely low and cannot be estimated |
It must be noted that the effects of the earthquakes that are given in the aforementioned table are for shallow earthquakes in a populated area. Other factors, such as the local surface and subsurface geologic conditions, etc., have a role to play.
Intensity and locus of the earthquake happened on 26 October 2015
a. IntensityAccording to the Pakistan Meteorological Department, the earthquake that shook Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India at 2 09 pm Pakistan time on 26 October 2015 is measuredat 8.1 on the Richter scale.
b. LocusThe epicentre of the massive quake originated around 150 miles below the earth s surface, located inthe mountains of Hindu Kush in the Badakshan-Province of Afghanistan.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the shape of the water molecule with the help of Molecular Orbital Theory with a diagram. So, all you have to do is define the term molecular orbital theory and delineate the steps of water molecule formation. Then, draw a basic diagram and briefly explain the process.
Molecular Orbital TheoryAccording to Molecular Orbital Theory, the atomic orbital of the combining atoms overlap to form new molecular orbitals that cover the whole molecule in one unit. Two orbitals after overlapping form two molecules bonding molecular orbitals with low energy σ and anti-bonding molecular orbitals with high energy σ
Molecular Orbital Structure of H2OThe water molecule has 10 electons and 10 protons thus, its electronic configuration is
H2O 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
The water molecule has a bent or angular shape with two lone pairs and two bond pairs of electrons.
In this question, the examiner has asked you to define gamma rays and explain their applications. So, all you have to do is begin with definitions of the gamma rays, their characteristics, and their applications in bullets. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Remember, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to making yourself stand out from other aspirants.
Gamma raysGamma rays are electromagnetic radiation of the shortest wavelength and highest energy that is produced in the decay of certain subatomic particles and in the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei.The term gamma ray was coined by British physicistErnest Rutherford in 1903following early studies of the emissions of radioactive nuclei.
Characteristics of gamma raysGamma rays do not have any charge on themA typical source of gamma rays is cobalt-60.Ionization of gamma rays is about one ion pair mm-1 in airIts absorption power is about 1-10 cm of lead sheet.The speed of gamma rays in the air is 3 108 ms-1
Application of gamma raysGamma rays are used to sterilize and disinfect medical equipment.Gamma rays are used to detect cracks according to variations in thickness. It can also detect density change, weld defect, and non-uniformity of material.High-energy radiation is used as a tracer in medicine.Radio Therapy- In oncology, it utilizes gamma rays to kill cancerous cells without surgery by targeting infected DNA.It is also used in the development of bombs and nuclear reactors.
In this question, you have to simply define and explain the significance of food preservatives and anti-oxidants in food. Making a chart and presenting your answer in a creative way can help you make your answer stand out and thus score high in such simple questions.
| Characteristics | Food Preservatives | Anti-Oxidants |
| Define | Food preservatives are chemicals or substances that are used to preserve food from getting spoiled by bacteria, fungi, mould, or any other substance. | Antioxidants are any of various chemical compounds added to a certain food to retard autoxidation, the process by which these substances combine with oxygen in the air at room temperature. |
| Example | •Tetracycline- an antibiotic used to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in poultry, fish, and canned food.Antimycotics- inhibit the growth of moulds in cheese and fruit juice. | •Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C •Naturally occurring Propyl gallate •Butylated Hydroxy Toluene BHT |
| Importance | •Food preservatives Increase the life of food thus increasing the supply. •Due to preservatives, seasonal fruit is available throughout the year. •They add variety to the food. •Preservatives in food stabilize the pricing of the food as there is no risk of shortage. | •Antioxidants prevent food from rancidity and spoilage. •Food keeps its taste and colour for a long time if antioxidants are used. •They help in slowing the process of deterioration when exposed to air. •Antioxidants increase the productivity of the food. |
This question starts with a declarative statement. It doesn t have much to do with your answer. So, you can just mention how it is a blessing and then move to the subject matter. The question requires you to explain the working of the Greenhouse Effect with respect to its causing the increase in the average global temperature. You may also mention the major factors that lead to an increased greenhouse effect. Remember, you can score high by being creative and adding a diagram for explaining the concept.
Yes, the Greenhouse effect is a blessing because, in the absence of the greenhouse effect, the earth s atmosphere would not be warm enough to make life possible on earth. The greenhouse produces the warmth necessary for the survival of life on earth.
How does the greenhouse effect work?The greenhouse effect is a process in which some gases, like CO2, trap the heat while it radiates back into the atmosphere. The heat trapped is then released at night time. Other than the greenhouse effect, our atmosphere already absorbs some heat.
ExampleThe greenhouse effect works like a greenhouse. It is used to grow tropical flowers and plants. The greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof. The glass walls can trap heat. The same heat warms the plants during day time and at night when it is colder outside.
Diagram
Enhanced greenhouse effects and their relation to global warmingThe enhanced greenhouse effect is also known as climate change or global warming . This increased warming happens due to the increased level of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere. Such gases increase the earth s temperature from the natural greenhouse effect to the enhanced greenhouse effect, which leads to the increased warming of the earth s atmosphere and results in global warming.
Significant factors are contributing to enhanced greenhouse effects.1. Deforestation to reduce and store CO22. Production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels3. Release of CO2 from cement production4. Release of nitrogen oxide from the use of high nitrogen fertilizers5. Intensive production of livestock, which produces methane
1- Right-angle trianglesA right-angled triangle is a type of triangle that has one of its angles equal to 90 degrees. In a right-angle triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side always opposite the right angle. Its base is the one that adjoins the right angle and it is the bottom line which also forms an angle theta with the hypotenuse. The third line is known as the height leg altitude which is opposite to the angle theta. This line is always perpendicular to the line containing the base.
2- Equilateral trianglesAn equilateral triangle, in geometry, is a triangle that has all three sides equal in length. Also, the three angles of the equilateral triangle are congruous where each angle is equal to 60 degrees. Therefore, it is also known an equiangular triangle.
Sincemeanis the sum of all the values divided by total number of values
Asmedianis the middle value of the arranged data. To find the middle value we know the formula is as follows
So, the 5thvalue in the data arranged in an ascending manner is the median. As the 5thvalue is 16 so, the median is 16
Sincemodeis the most frequently used value in the data and 16 is the most used value. Thus,
Mode 16So, the mode is 16
AsRangeis the difference between maximum value and minimum value of the data. In the above given data, the largest value is 19 and the smallest value is 15. Thus,
Range Xm Xo19 154
So, range is 4
| Distance from the godown of the distribution company | Number of Stores |
| 10 kilometres or less | 03 |
| 11 to 20 kilometres | 15 |
| 21 to 30 kilometres | 26 |
| 31 to 40 kilometres | 20 |
| 41 to 50 kilometres | 16 |
Number of stores sum of all the stores03 15 26 20 1680So, the company serve 80 stores
The most common distance is the one in which maximum stores are present.So, the most common distance is 21 to 30 kilometres
There are more than 16 stores between 35 to 50 kilometresThe number of stores from 31 kilometers or more is 36The total numbers of stores are 80Since,Percentage Given stores Total no. of stores x 10036 80 x 10045
So, the required percentage is 45
Ahmed 3 Ali , it means Ahmed is heavier than AliAli 5 Akbar , it means Ali is heavier than AkbarAkbar 1 2 Nasir , it means Nasir is heavier than AkbarNasir 1 2 Shehbaz , it means Shehbaz is heavier than Nasir
The relation would beAhmed Ali Shehbaz Nasir Akbar
- The heaviest in weight is Ahmed
- The lightest in weight is Akbar
- Shahbez is lighter than Ahmed and Ali
- Shahbez is heavier than Nasir and Akbar
- The descending order is Ahmed Ali Shehbaz Nasir Akbar
Blood group A 300Blood group B 325Blood group O 250Blood group AB 125Total Person 1000
No. of Elements 125No. of Sample space 1000
Now, we know that no of elements n E is the no of favorable chances for an event to occur and sample space n S is the total number of outcomes. So, we can write
Probability No of Elements No. of Sample spaces125 1000Probability=1 8or 0.125
Given data
Friends Ahmed, Ali, Akbar, Nasir, ShahbazCities V, W, X, Y, ZTransport Bus, Train, Aeroplan, Car, Bus
Akbar went to Y by carAli went to X by airNasir went by boatShahbez went by TrainAhmed went by Bus and Bus do not went to X and W so,
- Ahmed travel by Bus and went to V or Z
- The person who went to X travel through Aeroplane
Mental Abilities
a. Primary mental abilitiesThese are thought to be large-scale groups with similar abilities. It includesWord fluency It is mainly the ability to make words rapidlyVerbal comprehension The ability to describe and understand wordsSpatial visualization It is the ability to visualize the different relationshipNumber Facility The ability to solve mathematical problemsAssociative memory The ability to memorize and recallReasoning The ability to find out the rulesPerceptual speed The ability to see differences and similarities among different objects
b. Secondary mental abilitiesThese build off foundational primary mental abilities of intelligence. It includesFluid intelligence flexibility, adaptiveness and relational thinkingCrystallized intelligence breadth of knowledge .
How does the general mental ability scale differ from the IQ tests?While both aptitude testing and IQ testing aim to measure brainpower, they do so in different ways. Generally speaking, mental ability scales can measure specific areas of intelligence abilities of a person whereas IQ measures the general intelligence of a person in comparison with other people. Moreover, in mental ability scales, age is not a factor but to determine IQ score, age is required. Not to speak of that, there is a separate score for each category when measuring general ability scales whereas, in IQ tests, there is one single score as a whole.
Since, Y mX represent a straight line graphically.We have a straight line having slop m and Y-intercept the point where the line intercept y-axis is CLet we take a point P x,y on the line
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